Brindle/IP

General Description

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a variant of the IKBKG gene on the X chromosome, causing in weepy skin lesions present at birth. IP is sex-linked and homozygous lethal, with homozygous female (X-IP/X-IP) and hemizygous male (X-IP/Y) foals aborted. As an affected foal ages, the skin lesions develop into warty areas often accompanied by hair loss. The rare hair regrowth has an abnormal wooly appearance. From birth, the overall haircoat has streaks of darker and lighter hair, similar to the brindle coat color in other species. The original research paper also mentioned abnormalities of tooth, hoof, and ocular development, though no specific details were provided, and affected animals were able to successfully reproduce.

While IP gives the appearance of a brindle coat color resulting from the underlying skin disorder, there have been other non-disordered reports of brindling in the horse. Some cases have been found to be the result of chimerism, where two embryos of different coat colors have merged during development to form one animal. These animals display a striking coat pattern that cannot be transmitted to offspring. More recent research discovered a heritable form of brindle without associated skin lesions within the same family affected by IP, termed brindle 1 (BR1).

Genotype and Phenotype

Lethal female (IP/IP)

Lethal male (IP/Y)

Incontinentia pigmenti affected female (IP/N)

Unaffected (N/N or N/Y)

Gene Information

IKBKG is a protein kinase that serves as a member of a protein complex involved in inflammation, immunity, and cell survival. The IP mutation is a single base change that leads to a premature stop and thus truncation of the protein. Due to the importance of this gene to development and its location on the X chromosome, male embryos with IP are not viable, and thus are lost early on in pregnancy. During development, female X chromosomes are randomly inactivated, which leads to populations of cells with normal IKBKG function (and thus no skin lesions), and populations of cells with the abnormal protein (which display skin lesions). In humans, research has shown that these abnormal cells are eliminated with age, resulting in a greater number of normal cells and a resolution of skin symptoms.

References

Murgiano L et al., “An Intronic MBTPS2 Variant Results in a Splicing Defect in Horses with Brindle Coat Texture.” (2016) G3 (Bethesda). 6: 2963-70.

Towers RE et al., “A nonsense mutation in the IKBKG gene in mares with incontinentia pigmenti.” (2013) PLoS One. 8: e81625. PMID: 24324710